Prosopagnosia

What is Prosopagnosia?

Prosopagnosia is a rare neurological disorder characterised by the inability to recognise faces.  Prosopagnosia is also known as face blindness or facial agnosia.  The term prosopagnosia comes from the Greek words for “face” and “lack of knowledge.”   Depending upon the degree of impairment, some people with prosopagnosia may only have difficulty recognising a familiar face; others will be unable to discriminate between unknown faces, while still others may not even be able to distinguish a face as being different from an object.  Some people with the disorder are unable to recognise their own face.  Prosopagnosia is not related to memory dysfunction, memory loss, impaired vision, or learning disabilities.  Prosopagnosia is thought to be the result of abnormalities, damage, or impairment in the right fusiform gyrus, a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory.  Prosopagnosia can result from stroke, traumatic brain injury, or certain neurodegenerative diseases.  In some cases it is a congenital disorder, present at birth in the absence of any brain damage.  Congenital prosopagnosia appears to run in families, which makes it likely to be the result of a genetic mutation or deletion.  Some degree of prosopagnosia is often present in children with autism and Asperger’s syndrome, and may be the cause of their impaired social development. 

Is there any treatment?

The focus of any treatment should be to help the individual with prosopagnosia develop compensatory strategies for remembering faces.  Adults with progopagnosia as a result of stroke or brain trauma can be retrained to use other clues to identify faces.  Children born with prosopagnosia might benefit from interventions used with autistic children that reward them for paying attention to faces. 

What is the prognosis?

Prosopagnosia can be socially crippling.  Individuals with the disorder often have difficulty recognising family members and close friends.  They often use other ways to identify people, such as relying on voice, clothing, or unique physical attributes, but these are not as effective as recognising a face.  Children with congenital prosopagnosia are born with the disability and have never had a time when they could recognise faces.  Their impairment may not be obvious to them or anyone else until they reach adulthood.